Honor the file removal return contract

Use LLFile::remove's return value as the authoritative result. The current
implementation reports absence as success and errors through
std::error_code without assigning errno; a stale ENOENT must not hide a
real cleanup failure.

Remove repeated removals and post-removal inspections under the storage
lock. Native checks confirm that failed cleanup stays pending regardless
of ambient errno and that a sweep still attempts the remaining targets.

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